Cult

In modern English, a cult is a social group that is defined by its unusual religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs, or by its common interest in a particular personality, object, or goal. This sense of the term is controversial, having divergent definitions both in popular culture and academia, and has also been an ongoing source of contention among scholars across several fields of study.[1][2]:348–56 The word "cult" is usually considered pejorative.

An older sense of the word cult involves a set of religious devotional practices that are conventional within their culture, are related to a particular figure, and are often associated with a particular place.[3] References to the "cult" of a particular Catholic saint, or the imperial cult of ancient Rome, for example, use this sense of the word.

While the literal and original sense of the word remains in use in the English language, a derived sense of "excessive devotion" arose in the 19th century.[i] Beginning in the 1930s, cults became the object of sociological study in the context of the study of religious behavior.[4] From the 1940s the Christian countercult movement has opposed some sects and new religious movements, labelling them as "cults" because of their unorthodox beliefs. The secular anti-cult movement began in the 1970s, opposing certain groups, often charging them with mind control, and reacting to acts of violence committed by some of their members. Scholars and media have disputed some of the claims and actions of anti-cult movements, leading to further public controversy.

Sociological classifications of religious movements may identify a cult as a social group with socially deviant or novel beliefs and practices,[5] although this is often unclear.[6][7][8] Other researchers present a less-organized picture of cults, saying that they arise spontaneously around novel beliefs and practices.[9] Groups labelled as "cults" range in size from local groups with a few followers to international organizations with millions of adherents.[10] [[Category:A]]